Agarwood, also known as oud, is a rare and valuable resin derived from the heartwood of trees in the Aquilaria genus. It is primarily found in tropical regions and is not easily cultivated. The formation of agarwood is a natural process that occurs when the tree is injured or infected, leading to the development of a fragrant resin as a defense mechanism. In mainland China, Aquilaria is quite rare, with only small populations of Hui'an agarwood remaining. More significant sources are found in countries like Vietnam, Thailand, India, Malaysia, and Cambodia.
Historically, ancient texts referred to various types of agarwood without clear naming conventions. Today, Vietnamese "Qi Nan" is considered the highest quality, though it remains extremely scarce. There are numerous varieties of agarwood, each distinguished by its origin and characteristics. These include Guangxiang, Hainan Stack, Fanxiang, Qishen, Huangshu Shen, Sustained Fragrance, White Eye Fragrance, Shuixiangxiang, and Leaf Fragrance, among others.
Agarwood is generally categorized into three main types based on density: water-sinking (also called "water sinking"), semi-floating, and yellow ripe. Water-sinking agarwood is dense and sinks in water, often representing the most concentrated and mature form of the resin. Semi-floating agarwood floats partially and is less dense, while yellow ripe agarwood is lighter and has a more delicate fragrance.
In terms of formation, agarwood can be classified into four types: ripe knot, raw knot, shedding, and insect leakage. Ripe knots form naturally when the tree decays and the resin condenses over time. Raw knots occur when the tree is cut or damaged, causing the resin to accumulate. Shedding refers to the natural decay of the wood, which leads to the formation of agarwood. Lastly, insect leakage happens when insects bore into the tree, creating channels for the resin to form.
Understanding these different types helps in identifying the quality and origin of agarwood, making it an essential aspect for collectors, traders, and enthusiasts alike.
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