**Abstract**
The First Institute of Mechanical Industry Zhengzhou Abrasives Grinding Research Institute, commonly known as Sanmao Institute or Zhengzhou Sanmao Institute, was established in June 1958 in China. It is the only comprehensive research unit in the national abrasives industry, affiliated with the Ministry of Machinery Industry. Over more than five decades, Sanmao has undergone significant transformations, evolving from a state-owned research institute into a technology-based enterprise. Its history can be divided into three main periods: the planned economy era (1958–1978), the transition to a market economy (1979–1999), and the market economy period (since 1999). This paper reviews the historical changes in Sanmao, focusing on its strategic development and contributions to the field of abrasives and superhard materials.
**I. The Establishment and Development of Sanmao During the Planned Economy Period (1958–1978)**
This period is divided into three stages: preparation (1958–1962), construction (1962–1968), and the creation of a new industry (1969–1978).
**1. The Preparation Stage (1958–1962)**
In June 1958, the First Ministry of Machinery Industry approved the establishment of the Abrasives Research Institute. The preparatory office was directly under the Second Bureau. The institute aimed to support the development of the abrasive industry, which was classified under the Second Bureau. At that time, there were several key factories, including the First, Fourth, and Ersha Grinding Wheel Factories. The need for scientific research and technical support led to the formation of Sanmao, which became a vital part of the national machinery industry.
**Why Was the Institute Established?**
After the founding of the People’s Republic of China, the country focused on economic recovery and industrial growth. Due to international isolation, China relied heavily on Soviet models. The Second Bureau of the Ministry of Machinery Industry was responsible for managing the abrasive industry, and Sanmao was created to support this sector.
**Where Was It Built?**
Initially, the location was considered to be Tianjin due to its proximity to Beijing and the presence of a silicate university. However, due to the discovery of bauxite in Henan Province, the site was moved to Zhengzhou, making it the center of China’s abrasive industry.
**How Was It Prepared?**
The institute was built using existing facilities from the Zhengzhou Grinding Wheel Factory. The initial setup included laboratories, testing areas, and housing provided by the factory. Although the construction was fast and cost-effective, it required significant follow-up work.
**What Did Sanmao Do?**
Sanmao was tasked with researching abrasive manufacturing, grinding theory, testing new products, developing standards, and supporting the industry. These tasks laid the foundation for its future development.
**2. The Construction Stage (1962–1968)**
During this phase, Sanmao was officially established and expanded. New laboratories were set up, and the institute began to focus on advanced materials like synthetic diamonds.
**3. The Development Stage (1969–1978)**
This period marked the rise of superhard materials. Sanmao played a crucial role in the development of synthetic diamonds and cubic boron nitride (CBN), contributing significantly to China’s technological advancement.
**II. Transition from Planned Economy to Market Economy (1978–1998)**
This period saw Sanmao adapting to a market-driven environment. Key developments include the establishment of joint ventures, the creation of the National Engineering Technology Center, and the expansion of research and production activities.
**III. Market Economy Period (Since 1999)**
In 1999, Sanmao was transformed into a commercial enterprise. It continued to play a leading role in the development of superhard materials and abrasive technologies, becoming a key player in the global market.
**IV. Industry Technical Management and Services**
Sanmao has been actively involved in standardization, quality control, and industry management. It has also contributed to the formation of industry associations and has been recognized for its role in the development of the abrasive industry.
**V. Reflections and Analysis**
Sanmao's achievements over the past 50 years are remarkable. It has produced numerous scientific breakthroughs, trained skilled professionals, and generated significant economic benefits. Despite challenges, the institute has continuously adapted to changing environments and remains a leader in the field of abrasives and superhard materials.
**Conclusion**
Sanmao's journey reflects the evolution of China’s industrial and technological landscape. From its early days as a research institute to its current status as a leading enterprise, Sanmao has made invaluable contributions to the development of the abrasive and superhard materials industries. Its story is one of perseverance, innovation, and continuous progress.
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