2012 Summer Agricultural Meteorology Quarterly Report
Summary of this season: The temperature in most of the country's agricultural areas is close to normal or slightly higher, the precipitation is abundant, the farmland soil is suitable, the water and heat are well matched, and the autumn crops are balanced. Staged low temperatures occur in the north-central part of the Northeast, delaying the development of autumn harvest crops. In the early summer of North China, Huanghuai and Jianghuai, there were different degrees of drought in the early summer, but the precipitation was timely and the drought was relieved, which was conducive to summer planting and spring planting. Staged high temperatures occur in the eastern and southern parts of Xinjiang, most of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and Chongqing, which are not conducive to the growth of crops, fruit trees and vegetables. Affected by many typhoons, heavy storms occurred in the eastern and southern regions, some farmland was flooded, crops fell, and facilities agriculture and fisheries suffered some losses. In addition, some areas of the armyworm, potato late blight and other pests and diseases are more serious.
I. Weather and climate characteristics
In summer (June-August 2012), the temperature in most rural areas is close to normal or slightly higher. The temperature in the central and southern parts of Northeast China, northeastern part of North China and parts of western China, most of Guizhou, and Hainan are slightly lower. 1). The eastern and southern parts of Xinjiang, the southwestern part of Huanghuai, the western part of the Yangtze River, the southern part of the Yangtze River, the southern part of the south of the Yangtze River, the northern part of South China, and most of Chongqing have 20 to 40 days of hot weather, and some areas have reached 40 to 60 days (Figure 2). The central part of Xinjiang, the southeastern part of the northwest, the western part of the Yellow River and the Huaihe River, the Jianghan, the Jianghan, the southern part of South China, the southeastern part of the southwest and the south have less precipitation, and the rest of the agricultural areas have more precipitation (Figure 3). Most of the daily sunshine hours in the western part of Huanghuai, western and southwestern China are less than 5 hours, and the lighting conditions are poor. The rest of the rural areas have sufficient sunshine (Figure 4). 
Figure 1 Average summer temperature anomalies in 2012 
Figure 2 Summer hot days in 2012 
Figure 3 Summer precipitation anomalies in 2012 
Figure 4 Summer sunshine hours in 2012
Second, regional agricultural meteorological conditions analysis
Northeast: In the middle and south regions, there was a significant low temperature period in mid-June. The low temperature in the eastern rice area of ​​Jilin Province lasted for a long time, which led to the suspension of some rice tillers in the first season. From the end of June to the beginning of August, the light and temperature conditions in most areas are good, which is conducive to make up for the adverse effects of the early low temperature weather, and the crop growth is better. In the middle and late August of the middle of August, there were 3 to 9 days of low temperature in parts of the northern part of the junior high school, which reduced the rate of crop filling and delayed the growth process. In August, affected by typhoon “Davi†and “Bulawanâ€, floods occurred in some areas. Especially the strong winds and heavy rainfall brought by “Bulawan†caused the corn in the central and eastern parts of Northeast China to be more serious, and the yield was affected. . In addition, since July, there have been many precipitation processes, and the humidity in the field is large. In some areas, the armyworm and corn leaf spot disease are heavily biased. However, due to the occurrence of disasters, the impact on the yield of corn and other crops is generally limited.
Northwest, North China, Huanghuai: During the summer harvest, there is much fine weather, and winter wheat is harvested smoothly. However, the high temperature and low rainfall in most parts of North China and Huanghuai from May to late June led to mild to moderate agricultural drought in most areas, and the summer sowing process was affected. Some crops suffered from lack of seedlings and ridges. From late late June to early July, there were three obvious precipitation processes in the dry area, and the early summer drought was effectively relieved. It was beneficial to the emergence and seedling growth of summer maize and summer soybeans, and the growth and development of spring-sown crops. From July to August, most areas have sufficient precipitation, which is conducive to the growth and development of autumn harvest crops. However, there are many strong precipitations in the eastern part of the northwestern region, northern North China and eastern Huanghuai, and some farmland is flooded, and there are more rainy days and less sunshine, which leads to some The increase of cotton buds and the decline of quality are not conducive to the flowering and pollination of summer maize. The meteorological conditions of moderate temperature, rainy and humid have also caused the outbreak of three generations of armyworms in Hebei, Shanxi, Beijing and Tianjin, and potato late blight in Gansu, Shaanxi and Ningxia. Some parts of provinces (regions) such as Shanxi and Inner Mongolia are heavily biased. In addition, in the eastern and southern Xinjiang, 20 to 40 days in summer and 50 days in some areas, the highest daily temperature of ≥35 °C is more unfavorable for cotton bud bolls and summer corn plucking.
Jianghuai and Jianghan: Most of the weather in the most parts from June to early August is good for winter wheat, rapeseed harvesting and drying, and crops such as rice and cotton in one season. However, the continuous sunny and hot weather caused the soil to lose ground quickly. Jianghuai West and Jianghan A mild to moderate drought occurred in the north, which resulted in the obstruction of rice filling in one season, the increase of empty mites, the decrease of cotton pollen activity and the detachment of buds. At the end of the first half of August and the end of the middle of the month, significant precipitation occurred in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the Jianghan, and the drought in the previous period was eased. However, in the latter part of August, the temperature in some areas was low and the sunshine was too small, affecting the corn, the first season rice, the soybean full grout and the cotton crack. Bell bolls, plus the intensity of precipitation in the previous period is large, it is also easy to cause the spread of rice pests and diseases.
Jiangnan and South China: The average temperature in most parts of June is close to the same period of the previous year. The illumination is obviously better than that in the previous period. The meteorological conditions are generally conducive to early rice panicle differentiation, heading and flowering and pollination. Strong rains occur in the south and west of the south and south China. The time is short, and the effect on early rice flowering pollination is lighter. From the end of June to August, some parts of the south of the Yangtze River, parts of eastern and northern China have continued to have hot and hot weather, which is not conducive to the early filling of early rice and the growth and development of late rice, cotton, fruit trees and vegetables, and dryland crops and vegetables such as autumn peanuts and sweet potatoes. The growth and development of the fruit and fruit are also slightly unfavorable. Affected by typhoons "Vicente", "Sura", "Davi", "Anemone" and "Kai Tak", strong precipitation occurs in the central and eastern parts of the Yangtze River and in the eastern and southern parts of South China, which is conducive to increasing water storage in Kutang. It alleviated the adverse effects of high temperature weather in most parts of the south of the Yangtze River; however, heavy precipitation caused some crops to be flooded, strong winds caused crops such as corn to fall, cotton buds to be damaged and fallen off, fruit trees were broken, fruit fell, and aquaculture suffered some losses. Rainy and high humidity also lead to rapid development of pests and diseases.
Southwest: Most of the precipitation in the southwestern region was from 3 to 80% in June-July, effectively alleviating the previous drought. However, there were three heavy rains in the Sichuan Basin in July. Due to the short interval between the rainstorm process and the large amount of process rainfall, some farmland occurred. Floods. In the eastern region, the rainy weather continued from June to mid-July. The photosynthesis of crops was weak, and the accumulation of nutrients was insufficient, resulting in a decrease in effective tillering of rice in one season and poor pollination of corn flowering. In August, most of the southwestern region has sufficient light temperature, which is conducive to the full filling of crops such as rice and corn in the first season. It is also conducive to the harvesting and drying of mature corn and flue-cured tobacco. The occurrence and development of pests such as rice blast, rice false smut and sheath blight in sunny weather It has a good inhibitory effect; however, in the eastern part of the Sichuan Basin and Chongqing, there is a high temperature of 10 to 20 days with a maximum temperature of ≥35 °C. In some areas, the rice has a phenomenon of “high temperature ripeningâ€; in the southwestern part of the country, there are more rainy days and more rainy days. It is not good for one season rice earing grouting and corn grouting milk, and it is easy to cause pests and diseases to spread.
Third, major agricultural meteorological disasters
Rainstorms and floods: Since the beginning of the flood season, the rainfall in northern China has been significantly more than normal. Among them, from July 21-22, there was a rare rainstorm in northern North China to a heavy rainstorm. The rainstorm in Beijing was the strongest in the past 61 years, and Tianjin was the most in the past 34 years. Strong, causing some farmland to suffer from flood disasters, wet waterlogging is heavier, root growth of dryland crops is greatly affected, and high stalk crops such as corn are lodging and flooding. In the southern part of the country since the beginning of the flood, there have been many heavy rainfall processes. Among them, in the late June, Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guizhou, Hubei, Anhui, Chongqing, Sichuan, Yunnan and other 12 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) appeared. Heavy precipitation process; three rainstorms occurred in the Sichuan Basin on July 2-4, 6-8, and 20-23, causing heavy harvests in autumn harvest crops in some agricultural areas. On July 12-17, heavy rains occurred in the central and northern parts of the Yangtze River, which caused some farmland soils to be too wet and accumulated. Early rice filling and ripening, drying and drying, and late rice breeding were adversely affected.
Typhoon: In the summer, seven typhoons such as Du Suyu, Weisente, Sula, Dawei, Anemone, Kai Tak and Libra landed in China, among which Dawei It is the strongest typhoon on the north coast of the Yangtze River since 1949. The "sea anemone" is the strongest typhoon that landed on the mainland this year. The influence of many typhoons has caused severe storms in the northeastern region, northeastern China, eastern Huanghuai, most of the Yangtze and Huaihe, central and eastern Jiangnan, most of southern China, and southern part of southwestern China. Some areas suffered from floods, crops were flooded, and aquaculture suffered. Certain losses; strong winds caused high stalk crops such as corn to fall, cotton buds fell off, fruit trees were broken and fruit fell, facilities vegetables, livestock and poultry greenhouses collapsed and damaged. In addition, although “Terryâ€, “Kanu†and “Bulawan†have not landed in China, the strong winds and heavy rainfall brought by them have also had a major impact on agriculture and fishery production. Among them, "Bulawan" has the greatest impact on the northeast region, causing the corn to fall more seriously.
Even rainy: From June to mid-July, the eastern part of the southwestern region continued to be rainy and rainy. The daily illumination was less, the temperature was slightly lower, and the temperature difference between day and night was small, which led to crop photosynthesis deviation, insufficient nutrient accumulation and weak growth. Increased and delayed growth period; corn is the most affected, pollination is poor, the seed setting rate is reduced, the bald tip is obvious, the filling is not sufficient, the granules are more common than normal, and there is mildew and germination, which is not conducive to the formation of yield; Corn borer, rice blast, and sheath blight are more serious.
Drought: During summer sowing, precipitation in southern China, Huanghuai, and northern Jianghuai areas is relatively low and the temperature is high. Drought occurs in parts of southeastern Shaanxi, southeastern Shanxi, central Shandong, southern Henan, northern Anhui, northern Hubei, etc. In dryland crops, there is a phenomenon of lack of seedlings and ridges. One season of rice cannot be planted in a timely manner. From the end of late June to the beginning of July, significant precipitation occurs in the northern summer sowing area, and the drought in most of the above areas is lifted. In the middle and upper reaches of Chongqing, most of Chongqing experienced continuous sunny and cold weather, and some areas in the central and southwestern parts of the country experienced drought. However, in the middle and late end of the year, most of Chongqing experienced significant precipitation and the drought was alleviated. In the southwestern part of Henan, northern Anhui, northern Hubei, from late July to early August, there was less warm and high rainfall, and the evapotranspiration of farmland increased, resulting in accelerated soil loss, mild to moderate drought in some areas, and significant precipitation in mid-August. The drought in the region has been alleviated.
High temperature: Most of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from the end of June to mid-August, there are 20-40 days of high temperature with a maximum temperature of ≥35 °C. Some early rice in Jiangxi and Hunan suffer from mild to moderate high temperature heat damage, resulting in shortened grain filling period and premature senescence of plants. The grain filling is not sufficient, the empty grains and the glutinous grains are increased, and the cotton buds are increased. However, since the high temperature is mostly intermittent, the degree of influence is generally light. High temperature weather also occurred in the eastern and southern parts of Xinjiang, and some cotton, vegetables and melons in the flowering stage of the buds were adversely affected, resulting in decreased quality and resistance, and breeding of pests and diseases. In addition, in the middle of August, the northeastern part of the Sichuan Basin and Chongqing experienced 10 to 20 days of continuous high temperature weather, and the “high temperature ripening†phenomenon appeared in the first season rice in some areas.
Low temperature: In the middle and southeast of Northeast China, there is a relatively obvious low temperature period in mid-June. Among them, the average rice temperature in the eastern rice area of ​​Jilin Province is 5~10 days, and the average daily temperature is ≤15°C. Some rice in the first season stops, which affects effective tillering. On July 19-22, there was another stage of low temperature in eastern Jilin, and there was obstacle-type cold damage in rice. The average daily temperature in most of Yanbian Prefecture on July 20 was as low as 14 °C, and rice panicle differentiation was adversely affected. In the middle and late August of the northeastern part of the Northeast, there were 3 to 9 days of low-temperature weather, which reduced the rate of crop filling and delayed the growth process.
Windy: In summer, due to strong convective weather, many provinces (cities, districts) have suffered from wind and flood disasters in the country, including Jilin, Xinjiang, Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Hebei, Shanxi, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Yunnan, Guizhou, etc. The local areas of the province were seriously affected, and some areas were repeatedly affected. Spring wheat, spring corn, cotton, fruit trees and vegetables suffered mechanical damage, and vegetable greenhouses and livestock pens were destroyed.
Pests and diseases: Since July, precipitation has been frequent in the northeast, north China, and eastern parts of the northwest, and most of the farmland has wet soil. The weather conditions, moderate rain, and humid weather conditions have led to three generations of armyworms in Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning, Hebei, and Shanxi. Outbreaks in Beijing, Tianjin and other places, but the characteristics of the armyworms are spotting, and the prevention and control is timely, and the impact on the yield of corn and other crops is limited. The temperature and humidity of the weather conditions also make the potato late blight in Gansu, Shaanxi, Ningxia and Shanxi. Some areas such as Inner Mongolia and other provinces are heavily biased. In addition, due to the typhoon, there were many heavy rains in the south of the Yangtze River and South China, which led to the development of migratory pests such as rice planthoppers and rice leaf roller.
4. Prospects and recommendations for agricultural meteorological conditions
It is expected that in autumn (September to November), temperatures in most parts of the country will be close to normal or slightly higher. The first frost in the northeastern part of China, southern Xinjiang, and the eastern part of the northwestern region will be close to normal or late, which will benefit the autumn harvest. The formation of the northwestern part of Heilongjiang, central and eastern Inner Mongolia, northern Xinjiang, western Gansu, most of North China, and the eastern part of Huanghuai may be earlier than normal, and some autumn crops such as corn and soybeans with late development will be affected. The precipitation in the southeastern part of the northwestern region, the southwestern part of North China, and the western part of Huanghuai is less than 2 to 50%. The soil moisture may decrease. However, due to abundant precipitation in August, the bottom is sufficient, which has little effect on timely planting of winter wheat. There are more precipitations in central and eastern China, and lower temperatures in southern Jiangnan. Low temperature and heavy rain are not conducive to mature harvesting of autumn harvest crops and normal sowing of rapeseed. Late rice in southern Jiangnan is also vulnerable to low temperature and “cold windâ€; There is a greater possibility of autumn drought. In addition, there may be two or three tropical cyclones landing in the autumn or significantly affecting coastal areas of China, and the strong storms may affect the agricultural and fishery production in coastal areas. Therefore it is recommended that:
1. The autumn harvesting area in the north should be rationally fertilized according to the growth of the crops to promote full grain filling and increase the grain weight; in the early frost area, spraying plant growth hormone, applying farmyard manure and fumigation, water temperature adjustment and other effective measures can be avoided or Reduce early frost damage.
2, the southern late rice production area should strengthen rice paddy management, take measures such as fertilization, water temperature adjustment and other measures to prevent low temperature, "cold dew" weather hazards. In areas with excessive precipitation, it is necessary to pay attention to the timely removal of water from farmland after rain, to prevent crop roots from being stained, and to ensure the normal growth of crops.
3. The autumn sowing area should pay close attention to the weather changes, catch the sunny weather and timely harvest and dry the mature autumn harvest crops, and prepare the wheat fields and rapeseed in advance for the harvested fields to ensure the smooth progress of autumn sowing.
4. All localities should pay attention to prevent the adverse effects of strong local convective weather on agricultural production, and do a good job in monitoring and preventing pests and diseases to reduce the harm. Coastal areas should do a good job of typhoon defense and reduce agricultural losses.
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