The study was Hebei Province Department of Education Humanities and Social Sciences key projects (SKZD2011408) funding Corresponding author: Zhang Zhijie. E-mail: 1 rumor (1993) found that "spatial-numerical association of response code effect (SNARC)", a large number of studies have shown that people's psychological representation of numbers is a "psychological number and Fias (2004) think of the number The SNARC effect exists because numbers have sequential properties in addition to quantitative features. When presenting numbers, sequential information in the cognitive system automatically activates the spatial coding system and Butterworth (2006) uses pitch as a stimulus to find bass and The left space is in contact, the treble and right space are in contact, and the order effect is also supported.
Time also has sequential characteristics, whether it will also show similar (1984) requires the subject to return to a visual representation of the time. Most of the subjects draw a horizontal and horizontal trend. When the presentation is performed, the left button responds faster and delays the presentation. When you press the right button to respond faster, and this phenomenon is called space-time joint coding effect, STEARC), people think that the representation of time is similar to the psychological digit line, which is a mental timeline. Then different. The simple effect analysis shows that the error rate of the right-hand button is presented, and the difference edge is significant, F(1,22)=4.13,=.054; when the word “future†is presented, the error rate of the response with the right-hand button is significantly smaller than that with the left-hand button. The error rate, F(1,22), repeated measures ANOVA for the reaction, the result "time"
1-S=.913, the main effect of the "reaction hand" is not significant F(1,22) 1.000, as shown.
A simple analysis of the manual response in the past and future levels shows that in the "past" dimension, the left hand reacts faster than the right hand F(1,22)=19.710, <. 001, in the "future" dimension, the right hand reacts faster than the left hand F (1, 22) = 28.920, <. 001. The above results show that there is a significant difference between the right and left hands in the judgment of time words, that is, the left hand responds faster to the word “pastâ€, the right hand responds faster to the word “futureâ€, and the STEARC effect appears.
2.2. Simple effect analysis shows that when jumping to the "left" eye, the error rate of past words is significantly lower than the future word F(1,15)=8.15, household <.05> 3. Simple effect analysis shows that "on" Dimensions are "future" than "past"
The difference between the error rate of 'coming' and 'past' is not significant. F(1,30)=.380, P>.05. In the past, the game is å›7 vertical manual error rate is taken above and the lower past game is used to hang the manual response. Repeated measurement analysis of variance was performed on the reaction. The results were "time" and "past" than "future". F(1,30)=14.970, household <.001> said that the word "past" was presented. The jump speed is faster, the response mode is reflected, and the STEARC effect appears.
to. : 明明å‘åœçœº In the past 0 vertical squint latency 4 Discussion 4.1 Comparison of manual and saccades in the horizontal direction This study shows that when experiment 1 presents the word "past", the subject uses the left hand reaction (or jump to the left eye) When using the right hand reaction (or jumping to the right eye) to present future words, the subject responded with a right hand (or to the right eye) faster than with a left hand (or to the left eye). The STEARC effect clearly appears in manual response and saccade latency. At the same time, this effect also appears in the error rate of manual and saccades. When the word "past" is presented, the error rate of the left-handed response (or left-eye hop) is less than that of the right-handed response (or rightward eye). Jump); the right-hand response (or right eye hop) when presenting ''future' words) is less than the left-handed (or left-eye hop) error rate. Both manual and saccade responses are consistent with previous studies. The result of the consistent STEARC effect "past" and the left contact "future" and the right side.
In previous studies, phrases with different tenses, names of people, clicksounds, and series of pictures were used as stimuli to induce time characterization, and the effects of time and space habits were confirmed by manual responses, such as native English. People write from left to right, they associate the past (future) with the left space (right space) (Chan Boroditsky, 2007; Tversky, Kugelmass, Winter, 1991); native to Spanish, Arabic or Hebrew People write from right to left, they associate the past (future) with the right space (left space) (Fuhrman Boroditsky, 2007; NunezSweetser, 2006), the possibility that these phenomena have "co-coded space and time at the cognitive level" Sexuality raises the question that the spatial directionality of time representation is related to the specific cultural environment in which people live. The STEARC effect may be that people have a life-level connection between specific time information and specific reaction methods through a large amount of life experience and daily practice. The results of this study show that manual and eye movement have the same effect. If the STEARC effect is only a behavioral level link formed by acquired exercises, then using a different reaction mode than manual, this effect should be reduced or even disappeared. There are at least three differences between manual and saccade: the hand and the eye have different functions in daily use. Generally speaking, the eyes are mainly based on information input, such as reading, and the hand is mainly based on information output, such as writing and weaving. Second, the hands and eyes have different neural circuits, and they are different from the primary processing cortex areas that are projected into the brain. Third, in general, hands and eyes have different usage habits during text reading and processing, such as When a person whose native language is Chinese is writing, it will be written strictly from left to right (except for calligraphy enthusiasts, this study has been excluded when the subject is screened), even if a single Chinese character is written first, then write to the right. However, when people read a piece of text, the eyes will keep looking back (sweeping), and when looking at the picture, the shift of the fixation point is more random and flexible. In this study, it was confirmed that the same STEARC effect appeared in two different reaction modes, indicating that the STEARC effect is not limited to manual reaction, nor is it only at the behavioral level, but more likely to exist at the cognitive processing level.
4.2 Comparison of manual and saccade in the vertical direction In Experiment 2, when the "past" word is presented, the subject presses the up key response (or up the eye hop) faster than the press key reaction (or down hop), presenting "the future" "The word is pressed when the button is pressed (or down the eye) is faster than pressing the up button (or up the eye). The vertical STEARC effect clearly appears in manual response and saccade latency. This effect also appears in the error rate of manual and saccades. When the word ''past'' is presented, the error rate of the subject pressing the up key response (or up the eye hop) is less than the down key (or down arrow). Jump); the error rate of pressing the key response (or down eye hop) when presenting the "future" word is less than pressing the up button (or up the eye hop). Both experiments show a vertical STEARC effect, indicating time information. The characterization is also influenced by vertical spatial features, which are linked to the upper space in the past and to the lower space in the future.
There is both a psychological timeline of horizontal orientation and a psychological timeline of vertical orientation. In Chinese subjects, it seems that people are more concerned with the connection of time and vertical space, such as "last month, next month; upper-second, next second; last week, next week; last time, next time" .
Boroditsky (2008) also pointed out that 42% of the subjects whose native language is Chinese tend to use the vertical reference system to characterize time. In the present study, when the subject responded to the time word with a vertical saccade, the same effect as the manual response occurred, indicating that the STEARC effect did not have manual and saccade separation in the vertical direction. The STEARC effect does not only exist in the horizontal direction, it should exist in at least two-dimensional space (whether it exists in three-dimensional space, to be further verified); the relationship between time and space is not only a psychological timeline, but a psychological time map. Torralbo, San-tiago and Lupiffiez (2006) also support this conclusion. They believe that there are several spatial reference frames in long-term memory, such as left and right, front and back, up and down, etc., pay attention to which reference frame to choose from working memory. A very important role. Pay attention to how much influence on the STEARC effect, whether there is a STEARC effect in the Chinese context in the Chinese context, and what kind of relationship exists in each dimension, and further research is needed.
4.3 Mechanism of the STEARC effect This study confirmed that both the manual and the eye movements showed the same STEARC effect in both the horizontal and vertical directions, and the STEARC effect was more likely to be due to the influence of time and space on the cognitive processing level. Bueti and Walsh (2009) argue that parietal cortex is a brain region where time, space, and quantity are co-processed. Liveri and Koch (2009) point out that the posterior parietal cortex of the right hemisphere of the brain is time and spatial information. The important brain regions of processing, the discovery of this brain region makes the spatial and temporal joint coding have a certain neural basis. The quantity theory proposed by Walsh (2003) believes that people have a quantity system. The establishment of this system is gradually differentiated from subsystems by single quantity system after birth, such as time, space and quantity system, but some systems are still all The amount is used together. Therefore, when processing time information, it will be subject to "interference" of space, showing a tendency of time and space in behavior. Ouellet et al. (2010) argue that the reason why the mental timeline is highly consistent with people's literacy direction is due to the existence of a highly abstract model within the individual (similar to Walsh's quantitative system), which serves to make individuals All the internal structures and contents are maximized, and this model is likely to be established by reading and writing habits. When people are cognitively processing things, they will be affected by this model. In the culture of reading and writing from left to right, many kinds of sequence-like stimuli show that the volition of reading and writing habits 2008) follows the psychological representation from left to right. Therefore, time and space have a common processing brain region (innate factors) to provide a neural basis for joint coding of temporal information and spatial information, but the correlation between spatial information and temporal information may be subject to cultural characteristics, especially reading and writing habits. The influence of (acquired factors).
5 Conclusions This study shows the comparison between manual and eye movements: (1) Time adverbs activate people's representation of time, there is STEARC effect in the horizontal direction, the past is related to the left side, and the future is related to the right side; (2) There is also a STEARC effect in the vertical direction, the past is associated with the upper side, and the future is associated with the lower side; (3) the STEARC effect exists in the two-dimensional space, people have a psychological time map instead of the psychological timeline; (3) manual response and The eye movement response has the same STEARC effect, indicating that time and space are more likely to interact at the cognitive processing level.
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