40 times harder than diamonds! The world’s hardest substance is born

40 times harder than diamonds! The world’s hardest substance is born

Austrian scientists write in the latest issue of the journal Nature Materials Science that they have mass-produced the longest stable linear carbon chain ever produced in the laboratory. They consist of more than 6,000 carbon atoms, or they can be manufactured in batches. Currently the hardest substance known is carnesyne.

In 1885, the German organic chemist Adolf von-Beyer proposed the concept of carbon alkyne for the first time. He described it as an infinite carbon-carbon single-bond and triple-bond alternating carbon chain. However, he also warned that because of its extreme instability, it is difficult to make it.

Previously, American scientists have pointed out theoretical calculations that carbon alkyne, a one-dimensional linear strip of carbon atoms, should be harder and stronger than any known material, possess great tensile strength and hardness, and be 40 times more rigid than diamonds. Two times that of graphene, therefore, can be used to make ultra-sturdy equipment. In addition, it has the unique property of being able to transform from a conductor to an insulator only by being stretched by 3%, and is therefore favored by the electronics industry.

Although scientists can use some methods to keep the carbon chain stable, they could only make unstable carbon chains with up to 100 carbon atoms. Now, the team of Thomas Pichler at the University of Vienna has mass-produced stable carbon long chains with new methods. Some of the long chains have more than 6,000 carbon atoms and are considered to be the closest “producers” of carbon acetylene ever.

In the latest research, scientists have rolled two layers of graphene into a double-walled carbon nanotube, and synthesized this carbon long chain in the gap of the graphene sheet. The gap can protect this material and Let it stay stable. The first author of the study, Shi Lei, said: “The latest research has taken a key step toward realizing our understanding of acetylene.”

Although the long chain of carbon acetylene produced this time was longer than before, it was still invisible to the naked eye. The researchers confirmed the presence of this carbon chain by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and near-field resonance Raman spectroscopy. The results show that this carbon chain is very stable in the experimental environment and its electrical properties depend on the length of the carbon chain. Moreover, due to the unique mechanical and electrical properties of carbyne, the future may help scientists prepare new types of nanoelectronics and opto-mechanical devices.

The scientists said that the new discovery is a key step in the mass production of acetylene, but further research is needed before it can be applied.

The carbon family is very interesting. Nine dragons are different. The hardest diamond and the softest graphite are single element allotropes in the natural form of carbon; artificial carbon compounds such as nylon, gasoline, plastics, etc. are more visible in life; the favored new material is graphene. Due to its superior performance, it is pushing the waves behind the Yangtze River; but compared with theoretical predictions and computational models, it is confirmed to be the "hardest in the world" of carbon alkynes and its application possibilities. It can only be regarded as "older generation". Of course, only generating a certain length of carbon chain distance is far from making carbon acetylene, but it does not affect our ardent expectations for the toughest materials in the future.

Stainless Steel Sanitary ASTM A269 Stainless Steel Tubes is the main tubing line for a piping system. Generally, ASTM A269 Stainless Steel Tubes are made in stainless steel 304 and 316l, but we provide other grade too such as hastelloy C22, 316Ti, Titanium and nickel alloy etc. Kaysen offer both Sanitary Seamless Tubes and Sanitary Welded Tubes to ASTM A270, ASTM A249, A269, ASTM A554, DIN11850, and size is up to 12″. Inner and outer surface is polished to meet the high purity requirement of hygienic industries. Kaysen  is ability to supplying qualified ASTM A269 Stainless Steel Tubes comply to your your condition and FDA,GMP requirement.

ASTM A269 Stainless Steel Tubes - Sanitary Tubing
Material: SS304, SS316L, EN 1.4301, EN 1.4404, etc
OD diameter: 1/2" - 12"
Thickness: 0.5mm - 6mm
Standard: ASTM, JIS, DIN, JIS, SUS, GB
Length: 6m or customer made
Tolerance: OD. ±0.2mm; Thickness: ±0.02mm; Length: ±0.5mm
Surface Treatment: Matt Finish or Mirror Finish (320# 400# 600#) etc
Application: Boiler, heat exchanger, construction, hygienic, pharmacy, power, petrochemical

Strength:
Heat Treatment of solution annealing for the sanitary tubings and fittings are available
High precision on dimension and wall thickness
Both seamless and welded sanitary tubings are available   
Length is up to 12 meters.
Min. order quantity of sanitary tubings is from 300Kgs.
Offer industrial pipe and tubes according to order.
PMI test to verify material grade.
Visual and surface 100% examination before shipment.
End protected for shipment.

ASTM A269 Stainless Steel Pipes

ASTM A269 Stainless Steel Pipes, 1.4301 A269 Steel Pipes, SS316L Sanitary Pipes

Kaysen Steel Industry Co., Ltd. , https://www.chinasanitaryvalve.com