Japanese researchers have optimized the design of synthetic diamond grown in the laboratory. This has led to further advances in biosensing applications such as enhanced brain magnetic imaging. The advantages of this sandwich-type layered diamond structure are described in the latest issue of the Applied Physics Letters of the American Association of Physics (AIP) Publishing Group.
Chemical processes are used to create large pieces of diamond for industrial use. Synthetic diamond can be grown on a variety of surfaces to increase stiffness and reduce tool wear, or to utilize the high thermal conductivity of diamond as a heat sink for electronic devices. Scientists can manipulate the properties of synthetic diamond by changing the chemical composition. This chemical operation is called doping. These "doped" diamonds have proven to be an inexpensive alternative to a range of technologies from quantum information to biosensing. Otherwise, developing these technologies will be extremely expensive.
Diamonds with a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center detect magnetic field changes and are therefore powerful tools for biosensing technology and are used for medical testing and disease diagnosis. For example, magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a neuroimaging technique used to map brain activity and track pathological abnormalities such as epilepsy tissue.
“MEG has commercial applications and is used in some hospitals, but it is so expensive that not many MEGs are used,†said Norikazu Mizuochi, one of the authors of the paper. Mizuochi explained that using diamonds with NV centers can reduce the cost of instruments for MEG diagnostics.
However, these biosensing techniques require light excitation that induces NV center charge transfer. Since the uncharged NV center cannot accurately detect the magnetic field, the introduction of charge transfer has always been a challenge for diamond utilization. “Only negative charges can be used for this type of sensing application, so achieving stabilization of the NV center is very important for the entire operation,†Mizuochi said.
Researchers have previously spiked phosphorus into a simple diamond structure to keep the NV center stable. Doped phosphorus pushes more than 90% of the NV center into a negative charge state, making magnetic field detection possible. However, phosphorus introduces noise into the readings and thus fails from positive results.
In the latest study, the Mizuochi team adjusted the diamond design strategy to maintain a stable NV center, but removed the noise induced by phosphorus. They used a sandwich-like multilayer structure in which diamond-doped diamond was like bread and was surrounded by 10 micron thick NV center packing. This stabilizes 70% to 80% of the NV center in a negative charge state while reducing the noise previously seen in the system.
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