The root-knot nematode primarily infects the growing tip of young grape roots using its second-stage larvae, leading to the formation of galls or root knots on the roots. In severe cases, the root system loses most of its fine absorption roots, resulting in stunted shoot growth, weak vine development, and overall poor plant health. Symptoms such as yellowing leaves, wilting, and small fruit production are commonly observed in most grape-growing regions across China, with sandy loam soils being particularly vulnerable. Timely application of appropriate control measures is essential to prevent further damage.
Control strategies include:
1. Site Selection: When choosing a vineyard location, avoid areas where previous crops were nematode hosts like tomatoes, cucumbers, or deciduous fruit trees. It's advisable to rotate with grass crops for 4–5 years to reduce nematode populations in the soil.
2. Resistant Varieties: Selecting resistant grape varieties or rootstocks, such as Dogridge or Ramsey, can significantly reduce the risk of infestation. Strict quarantine measures should be enforced to prevent the introduction of infected planting material. All imported seedlings must undergo thorough sterilization before planting.
3. Soil Fumigation: Before planting, fumigating the soil with products like sulfuryl fluoride, 1,3-D, or dibromomethane can effectively reduce nematode populations. This method is especially useful in high-risk areas or when infestations are already present.
4. Chemical Control: Infected young plants should be removed and destroyed immediately to prevent the spread of nematodes. The affected soil should be exposed to sunlight to help kill any remaining nematodes. For ongoing management, specialized insecticides such as chlorpyrifos, fenamiphos, carbofuran, and others can be used to control nematode populations and limit further infestation.
In addition to these methods, maintaining good vineyard hygiene, monitoring soil conditions regularly, and implementing integrated pest management practices can enhance long-term nematode control. Early detection and prompt action are key to minimizing damage and ensuring healthy grape production.
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