During the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†period, China will focus on environmental quality improvement, strengthen target responsibility assessment, promote industrial restructuring and capacity reduction, strengthen coal and motor vehicle management, improve urban management, strengthen regional joint defense, and strengthen The urban air quality is effectively improved in areas such as heavy pollution weather response.
As the largest developing country, China, like other Asian countries, is facing the challenge of air pollution. The Chinese government attaches great importance to the prevention and control of air pollution and has taken prompt action. In September 2013, China issued the “Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan†(hereinafter referred to as “Atmosphere Tenâ€), which clarified the air quality improvement targets for 2017 and beyond, and determined the roadmap for improving urban air quality in China. . It is required that by 2017, the concentration of inhalable particulate matter in prefecture-level and above cities will be reduced by more than 10% compared with 2012, and the number of excellent days will increase year by year; the concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta will decrease by 25% and 20% respectively. About 15%, of which the annual average concentration of PM2.5 in Beijing is controlled at 60 μg/m3. In order to ensure the realization of the "Atmosphere Ten" goal, it proposed 10 comprehensive 35 comprehensive measures for comprehensive management, industrial transformation and upgrading, accelerating technological innovation, adjusting energy structure, and strict supervision according to law.
Through the joint efforts of various localities and departments, the various policies and measures proposed in the "Atmosphere Ten" have made positive progress. First, the industrial structure and energy structure have been optimized. From 2011 to 2014, the country eliminated 155 million tons of backward steelmaking capacity and more than 600 million tons of cement. Since 2013, the total coal consumption in key regions has achieved negative growth year after year. Second, the effectiveness of air pollution control in key industries has been remarkable. The limited time management projects of 1387 enterprises in key industries such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta were basically completed. By the end of 2015, China has completed the ultra-low emission conversion of 160 million kilowatts of coal-fired power plants, and the emission of flue gas pollutants from coal-fired power plants can reach the standard of natural gas turbines. Third, the prevention and control of motor vehicle pollution has been gradually strengthened. The country overfulfilled the yellow label vehicle elimination mission registered before the end of 2005. Fourth, scientific research results guide urban air quality management. 22 key cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin completed the analysis of atmospheric particulate matter sources and conducted pilot projects on source emissions in 14 cities. Fifth, the environmental supervision capability has been continuously enhanced. The largest environmental air quality monitoring network in developing countries has been built, and all 338 prefecture-level and above cities have the ability to monitor 6 indicators such as PM2.5.
Since the implementation of the "Atmosphere Ten", the overall urban air quality in the country has improved, and the annual average concentration and over-standard rate of PM2.5, PM10, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) have been decreasing year by year, most cities are heavy. The number of days of pollution is reduced. In 2015, the average concentration of PM2.5 in 74 key cities nationwide was 55 μg/m3, which was 23.6% lower than that of 72 μg/m3 in 2013. The ratio of daily average exceeded the number of days decreased from 33.2% in 2013 to 2015. 20.8%. Among them, the proportion of severe and above-mentioned pollution days in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei decreased by 7 percentage points year-on-year; the average annual concentration of PM2.5 decreased by 17.2%. The air quality improvement in the Pearl River Delta region is the largest. The average annual concentration of PM2.5 in the region is 34 μg/m3, which is the first to meet the national secondary standard (35 μg/m3), indicating that China can solve the rapid development of megacities. Pollution problems.
During the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan†period, China will focus on environmental quality improvement, strengthen target responsibility assessment, promote industrial restructuring and capacity reduction, strengthen coal and motor vehicle management, improve urban management, strengthen regional joint defense, and strengthen The urban air quality is effectively improved in areas such as heavy pollution weather response.
The Environmental Protection Foreign Cooperation Center of the Ministry of Environmental Protection has been cooperating with world-renowned organizations and experts in the field of air pollution prevention and control, and has provided valuable suggestions for solving the complex air pollution problems in China. For example, since 2005, we have partnered with CleanAirAsia, the organizer of the Better Air Quality Conference, and established the China Urban Clean Air Action Project China City Network. Up to now, the joint annual seminars and training courses have attracted representatives from more than 80 urban environmental protection bureaus in China. In addition, the “Environmental Technology International Zhihui Platform (3iPET)†was launched to explore the mechanism for continued cooperation between China and the international community in the field of water, air and soil pollution prevention.
With an area of ​​1996.85 square kilometers and a per capita GDP of about 160,000 yuan, it is a super-large city with a population of over 10 million. In the 1990s, with the rapid economic growth, the emission of various pollutants increased, and the air quality in Shenzhen declined year by year. In 2004, the average annual concentration of PM2.5 exceeded 70 μg/m3.
In the past 10 years, Shenzhen has carried out comprehensive and systematic air pollution control work. In the optimization of industry and energy structure, the company gradually moved out of heavy polluting industries such as cement, paper, flat glass, printing and dyeing. In 2013, the contribution of emerging industries such as Internet, biomedicine, new energy and new materials to GDP growth exceeded 50% for the first time and became the main engine of economic development. The energy consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP fell by 4.3%, and the water consumption of 10,000 yuan of GDP fell by 8%. At the same time, the energy development strategy based on high-quality clean energy has formed an energy structure based on clean energy such as electricity and liquefied natural gas. The proportion of natural gas in primary energy use has risen from less than 1% in 2004 to 8% in 2014. about.
In the pollution control of key industries, air pollution in Shenzhen mainly comes from power plants, motor vehicles, industrial volatile organic matter sources, high-polluting boilers, etc. Shenzhen City started thermal power plant desulfurization in 2003, and delineated the city's high-polluting fuel in 2011. In the no-burn zone, more than 1,000 high-pollution boilers have been eliminated and rebuilt, making it the first city in the country to fully realize low-nitrogen combustion.
In terms of traffic pollution control, the number of motor vehicles in Shenzhen has exceeded 3.2 million, ensuring fuel quality and speeding up the upgrading of new vehicles and fuel standards. In addition, in 2015, the full elimination and total ban of yellow-label vehicles were realized. At the same time, vigorously promote new energy vehicles, the bus industry has cumulatively promoted 3,850 new energy vehicles, becoming the world's new energy bus with the most launch, the best operation and the most standardized demonstration city.
In addition, Shenzhen has included various atmospheric management tasks in the government's main leadership environmental performance assessment and annual pollution assessment. The assessment results are linked to the department's performance. The leaders at the end of the assessment rankings must not be promoted for reuse within a certain time limit.
Through unremitting efforts, in 2015, when GDP increased by 3.5 times compared with 2004, the number of motor vehicles increased by 5 times, and the population doubled, Shenzhen achieved a comprehensive air quality standard, and the average annual concentration of PM2.5 dropped to 29.8. Micrograms per cubic meter.
The population is over 20 million and the number of motor vehicles is 5.619 million. In 1998, Beijing's annual coal consumption reached 28 million tons, vehicle ownership reached more than 1 million vehicles and emission control technology was backward. The annual average concentrations of CO, SO2 and NO2 were 3.3 mg/m3 and 120 μg/m3, respectively. At 74 μg/m3, the average concentration of total suspended particulate matter in the heating and non-heating seasons was as high as 431 μg/m3 and 348 μg/m3, respectively.
Since 1998, Beijing has continuously implemented strong air pollution control measures in various stages. During the “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†period, Beijing promoted energy cleanliness and industrial greening, coal consumption was greatly reduced, and the proportion of clean and high-quality energy increased to over 80%. The implementation of the Clean Air Action Plan and the completion of four major gas-fired thermal power centers were shut down. The three coal-fired power plants completed the clean energy transformation of the 123,300 households in the core area and the 19,700 tons of steam-burning coal-fired boilers in the city; the number of motor vehicles was controlled at 5.6 million units, and the first new motor vehicles and vehicles were implemented in the country. With the fifth phase of the oil product, 1,832,000 old vehicles were eliminated (all yellow standard vehicles were eliminated); 1,370 polluting enterprises were withdrawn. Lead the establishment of a coordinated mechanism for air pollution prevention and control in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei.
The average annual concentration values ​​of SO2, NO2 and PM10 in 2015 were 13.5 μg/m3, 50.0 μg/m3 and 101.5 μg/m3, respectively, which were 58%, 12% and 16% lower than in 2010. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 is 80.6 μg/m3, which is 10% lower than that in 2013.
At present, the annual average concentration of CO and SO2 in Beijing has been able to reach the current ambient air quality standards. The annual average concentration of NO2 is close to the national standard. However, more efforts are needed to achieve the standards of PM10 and PM2.5.
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