Bioprinting will "print" a new chapter in organ transplantation to create vascular tissue and organs

Bio-printing technology solves medical problems by using three-dimensional printing technology, which can spatially and accurately arrange cells, proteins, genes, drugs and other biologically active substances in the development of organs or tissues. This technology is a revolutionary breakthrough in the medical field and has received widespread attention from scientists and the general public worldwide.

Bio-printing technology: a medical revolution with great potential for application

Bio-printing technology molds biomaterials through software layered discrete and numerically controlled methods. The main technologies used include 3D bio-jetting, fiber extrusion and laser-assisted cell printing. The emergence of this technology indicates a new medical revolution or a future, and the medical history of human beings will be rewritten.

This technology has broad application prospects in the medical field. Currently, it has been used to manufacture personalized biomedical materials, drug testing and screening, cancer or other disease research. The use of bio-printing technology to create organs or tissues is a new era of organ transplantation, which has brought good news to human health. Research on the use of bio-printing technology to manufacture biological organs is still in the ascendant, but with the development of this technology, the shortage of transplanted organ resources will be effectively alleviated, and the cost of organ transplantation will be greatly reduced. In addition, the transplantation of organs manufactured by bio-printing can effectively reduce the occurrence of body rejection and effectively improve the success rate of transplantation.

At present, there are two methods for manufacturing biological tissues and organs using bioprinting technology, namely, an in vitro printing technique for manufacturing biological tissues and organs having blood vessels, and an in vivo printing technique for tissue regeneration directly at a lesion site.

In vitro bioprinting: tissues and organs that can create blood vessels

The use of in vitro bioprinting technology to produce complete and biologically active organs, while having broad application prospects, still has many difficulties with this technique. Many biological, biological printing technologies, bioprinting materials, and subsequent processes of bioprinting have many technical limitations. So scientists first focused their research on the use of bioprinting technology to create biological tissue.

In vitro printing of biological tissue is a very sophisticated and sophisticated process that requires the stratification of multiple layers of cells and the creation of a vascular network system within the tissue. Scientists have used in vitro bioprinting technology to create a variety of biological tissues, in which artificially printed trachea, mandibular and cartilage tissue have been successfully used in clinical treatment. However, it is difficult to manufacture a tissue having a high oxygen consumption rate such as heart, pancreas or liver. The most important problem is how to integrate the arteries, veins and capillaries in the vascular veins of the above organs. Because it is very difficult to print capillaries at submicron levels. Scientists have achieved capillary printing by first printing large blood vessels and then naturally producing capillaries from large blood vessels. In addition, scientists have successfully printed a channel that connects blood vessels and adjacent capillaries, completing vascular remodeling.

Bioprinting materials and their post-printing growth processes are also critical for in vitro printing of biological tissue. Bioprinted materials can affect the biochemistry of biological tissues (such as growth factors, adhesion factors, and signaling proteins) and physical characteristics (such as the mechanical strength and structural stability of extracellular matrices), which in turn affect cell survival, division, and differentiation. surroundings. Bioprinting materials must have high mechanical strength and structural stability and should not dissolve after bioprinting; enable stem cells to differentiate into tissue-specific cell lines and avoid immune responses after organ transplantation. At the same time, bio-ink must be able to cure quickly, and at a low price and rich in materials. Currently, many natural or synthetic bio-inks have been used to print and manufacture biological tissues. Mechanical and chemical stimuli in the subsequent process of bioprinting also have an important impact on tissue growth and development.

In vivo bioprinting: direct regeneration of tissue at the site of the lesion

In vivo bio-printing mainly uses bio-inkjet printing technology to directly re-expose tissues and organs in the lesions and integrate them into the original tissues. Skin cells made with this technology can effectively treat burns and will play a huge role in treating the wounded on the battlefield and in the disaster area.

In vivo printing technology is very effective for direct tissue regeneration at the site of the lesion. This technology has many advantages in clinical applications. First, printing the biological tissue directly on the lesion does not require the shaping of the mold according to the geometrical shape of the lesion, thereby reducing contamination and increasing cell activity. Second, in the manufacture of certain biological tissues with special functions, in vivo printing can directly print stem cells in the body, and then can differentiate into the cell types required by humans. Third, in vivo printing accurately aligns cells, genes, and other biologically active substances in defective parts of the body without deformation. At the same time, in vivo printing technology can finely control the tissue, such as printing different cytokines in different cell layers. Fourth, in vivo printing technology can accurately produce tissues and organs in irregularly shaped lesions and directly perform tissue regeneration. Fifth, the in-vivo printing technology utilizes an automatic printer to perform multi-angle bioprinting on lesions that are not flat in the body.

Because of its many advantages, in vivo bioprinting technology will be widely used in the medical field, but it still requires a lot of exploration and practice.

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