1 . Trauma: Exposed pulleys, gears, and screws directly twist clothes, sleeve cuffs, gloves, aprons, and long hair into the machine, causing personal injury.
2 . Object Strike: Rotating machine parts, stuck parts, and parts that fly out during a strike cause personal injury.
3 . Gravity injury: damage caused by punches, presses, shears, forging hammers.
4 . Bruising: Damage caused by drop of high parts, lifting objects.
5 . Scaling: Injury caused by squeezing a part of the body or human body.
6 . Burns: Damage to humans caused by high temperature objects. Such as crumbs, welding slag, solution and other high-temperature objects on the human body.
7 . Sting injury: The damage of a sharp object's tip object to the human body.
Second, the cause of mechanical damage
1 . Mechanical insecurity
Lack or defective protection, insurance, signaling devices, defective equipment, tools, and accessories , lack of or defective personal protective equipment, appliances, and site environmental issues.
2 . Operator's unsafe behavior
( 1 ) Ignoring security and operating mistakes;
( 2 ) Use hands instead of tools to operate;
( 3 ) Use equipment or tools without safety devices;
( 4 ) illegal operation;
( 5 ) Do not wear personal protective equipment as required and use tools;
( 6 ) Entering dangerous areas and locations;
3 . Management factors
Defects or mistakes in design, manufacture, installation or maintenance, leadership does not attach importance to safety work, there are defects in the organization and management, education and training are not enough, operators have poor quality of service, lack of safety knowledge and self-protection capabilities.
III. General safety regulations for machinery and equipment
The regulations are derived from years of summaries and lessons learned from the blood. In the production process, as long as these regulations are complied with, hidden dangers can be eliminated in time to avoid accidents.
1 . Layout requirements
The layout of machinery and equipment should be reasonable, it should be easy for operators to load and unload workpieces and remove debris. It should also be able to facilitate the maintenance and repair of maintenance personnel.
2 . Strength and stiffness requirements
The strength and rigidity of the mechanical and equipment components and components shall meet the safety requirements, and the installation shall be firm and shall not fail frequently.
3 . Install necessary safety devices
Machinery and equipment must be installed with reasonable and reliable safety devices that do not affect operation.
( 1 ) Safety guards such as guards or guards, guard rails, etc. shall be installed on the parts and components that are used for rotary motion to prevent twisting.
( 2 ) For parts that can cause dangerous accidents such as over-pressure, overload, over-temperature, over-time, and over-travel, safety devices should be installed, such as overload limiter, stroke limiter, safety valve, temperature limiter, and time-out. Electrical appliances prevent accidents.
( 3 ) Signals, warning signs, etc. should be installed when people need to warn or warn people about certain actions.
( 4 ) Interlocking devices shall be installed on parts and components that cannot be reversed for certain actions.
4 . Safety requirements for electrical installations of machinery and equipment
( 1 ) The power supply wires must be correctly installed and there must be no damaged parts;
( 2 ) Click insulation should be good, the terminal board should have cover protection;
( 3 ) The switches and buttons shall be intact and their live parts shall not be exposed;
( 4 ) There should be a good grounding or zero connection device, the wire connection is firm, and there must be no disconnection; ( 5 ) Local lighting should use 36V voltage; disable 220V voltage;
5 . Operating handle and foot switch requirements
The important handle should have a reliable positioning and locking device, and the coaxial handle should have a significant difference in length. The foot switch shall have a protective cover hidden in the recessed part of the bed, and the parts that fall on one side shall fall on the switch and start the mechanical equipment to hurt the person.
6 . Environmental requirements and operating requirements
The working site of machinery and equipment should have a good environment, that is, the illumination should be appropriate, the noise and vibration should be small, parts, fixtures, etc. should be placed neatly. Each mechanical equipment shall formulate safety operation regulations and inspection, lubrication, maintenance and other systems according to its performance and operating sequence so that the operators can comply.
Fourth, mechanical equipment operation safety requirements
1 . To ensure that machinery and equipment do not have accidents, not only the mechanical equipment itself must meet safety requirements, but more importantly, operators are required to strictly abide by safety procedures. Safety procedures vary from device to device , but the basic safety rules are very similar.
2 . Personal protective equipment and utensils must be properly worn.
3 . Before the operation, safety inspections should be performed on the mechanical equipment. After the empty vehicle is confirmed to be normal, it can be put into use.
4 . Mechanical equipment is strictly prohibited to run with faults and must not be used to prevent accidents.
5 . Safety devices for machinery and equipment must be properly used as specified, and they must not be removed for use.
6 . The tools, jigs, and machining parts used in mechanical equipment must be firmly installed and not loosened.
7 . When the machinery and equipment are in operation, it is forbidden to adjust by hand , nor to measure parts by hand, or to lubricate or clean the sundries.
8 . When the machinery and equipment are in operation, the operator must not leave the post to prevent the problem from being left unattended.
9 . After the work is completed, the power supply shall be cut off, the tool and the workpiece shall be withdrawn from the working position, and the work place shall be organized to arrange the parts and fixtures neatly, so as to clean the health of the machinery and equipment.
V. Dangers and protective measures of typical machinery and equipment
(I) Danger and protection of pressure machinery
1 . Major danger
( 1 ) Misoperation
( 2 ) Maladjustment
( 3 ) Many people do not cooperate well
( 4 ) Equipment failure
2 . Safety precautions
( 1 ) Before starting the operation, it must be carefully checked whether the protective device is in good condition and whether the clutch brake device is flexible and safe. All unnecessary items on the workbench should be cleaned to prevent it from falling to the foot switch when working, causing the punch to suddenly start and cause an accident.
( 2 ) When punching small workpieces, special tools should be used. It should not be fixed by hand. It is better to install automatic feeding device.
( 3 ) The operator must be careful about the control of the foot switch. When loading or unloading the work piece, the foot should leave the switch, and it is forbidden for the unrelated person to stay around the foot switch.
( 4 ) If the workpiece is stuck in the mold, remove it with a special tool and do not hold it by hand, and remove the foot from the pedal.
( 5 ) When multiple people operate, they must coordinate and coordinate with each other and determine the special person responsible for the command.
(b) Shears danger and protection
1 . Major danger
Shears are machines that cut sheet metal into blocks of different specifications according to production needs. Shears have upper and lower blades, generally lower blades are mounted on the worktable, and the upper blades reciprocate to shear. The maximum thickness and width of blanks that can be cut by a particular shear, as well as the strength limits of the blank, are limited. Use beyond a certain limit may destroy the machine. The blade of the shears is very sharp, and the finger that is operated at work is very close to the edge of the blade. Therefore, if the operation is improper, serious accidents such as cutting a finger occur.
2 . Safety precautions
( 1 ) Before working, check carefully whether the various parts of the shearer are normal, whether the electrical equipment is in good condition, whether the safety protection device is reliable, and whether the lubrication system is unblocked. Then, add the lubricating oil, test the car, and try the cut well before use. When two or more people operate in coordination, it must be determined that one person is in charge of the unified command. Only when checking the accessibility of the countertop and the surrounding area can the machine cut the material.
( 2 ) The shears are not allowed to cut two different specifications and materials at the same time. It is forbidden to cut without material. The sheared sheet requires a smooth surface and is not allowed to cut a narrow sheet that cannot be compacted.
( 3 ) When operating the shears, concentrate on them. When feeding, the fingers should be 200mm away from the knife edge , and they must leave the pressing device. Feeding and reclaiming should prevent the steel plate from scratching and prevent the steel plate from being cut. The foot switch should be equipped with a strong protective cover to prevent heavy objects from falling on the foot switch or from being stepped on. Never refuel or adjust the machine while driving.
( 4 ) All kinds of shears shall adjust the clearance of the cutting edge according to the specified cutting thickness to prevent accidents due to improper use.
( 5 ) The brakes of the shears shall be inspected frequently to ensure reliability and prevent the brakes from being loosened and the upper blade from falling down.
( 6 ) Sharp edges and sometimes burrs on the sheet and cut strips should be prevented.
( 7 ) In the course of operation, safe hand tools are used to complete operations such as feeding, positioning, retrieving parts, and trimming scraps to prevent the fingers from being scratched by the mold.
(III) Risks and Protection of Turning
1 . Turning hazard
( 1 ) The main unsafe factors for turning machining are the splashing of chips and the damage caused by the attached parts of the lathe.
( 2 ) Chips formed during cutting are curled and sharp edges, especially continuous and spiral cutting chips, are easily wounded by the operator's hand or body.
( 3 ) The chippings fly to the operator.
( 4 ) Injury accidents caused by rotating parts exposed during turning, hooking the operator's clothes or rolling hands into the rotating parts. Long bars and other parts are more dangerous to process.
( 5 ) When the lathe is in operation, remove the chips by hand, measure the workpiece, or grind the workpiece burr with an emery cloth, which may cause the hand to collide with the moving parts.
( 6 ) When the workpiece and the clamping attachment are not clamped, it will start working, easily causing the workpiece to fly out of the wound. Parts of the workpiece, semi-finished products, tools, measuring tools, jigs, gauges were improperly placed, which caused the wrench to fall off and the workpiece to fall and cause accidents.
( 7 ) Insufficient local illumination of the machine tool or glare of the light will not allow the operator to observe the cutting process, resulting in erroneous operation and injury accidents.
( 8 ) The layout around the lathe is irrational, the sanitary conditions are not good, and the improper stacking of chips is also likely to cause accidents.
( 9 ) The lathe's poor technical condition, lack of regular maintenance, failure of the insurance device, etc., can also cause injury accidents caused by machine tool accidents.
2 . Safety precautions
( 1 ) Take chip breaking measures: chip breakers, chip breakers, etc.
( 2 ) Install a movable transparent baffle on the lathe. Rinse the chips with a gas stream or emulsion to change the direction of the chips.
( 3 ) Use a hood type safety device to cover its dangerous part. Such as safe chicken heart clip, safety dial and so on.
( 4 ) Apply the hooks to the cut ribbon chips, and do not use them.
( 5 ) In addition to automatic measuring tools installed on the lathe, stop the measurement of the workpiece and place the tool holder in a safe position.
( 6 ) When polishing the surface of the workpiece with gauze, move the tool to a safe position and be careful not to let the hand and clothing touch the surface of the workpiece.
( 7 ) When grinding the hole, do not use fingers to support the emery cloth, use a wooden stick instead, at the same time the speed should not be too fast.
( 8 ) It is forbidden to place the tool, jig or workpiece on the lathe body and the spindle gearbox.
(D) Milling hazards and protection
1 . Milling danger
High-speed rotating milling cutters and vibrations and flying debris generated during milling are the main unsafe factors.
2 . Safety precautions
( 1 ) In order to prevent accidents caused by milling cutters, a protective cover can be installed on the rotating milling cutter.
( 2 ) The milling machine must have shock absorption measures.
( 3 ) Install a suitable protective net or protective plate in the direction of chip flying out. Operators should wear protective glasses when working, and wear masks when milling cast iron parts.
( 4 ) At the beginning of cutting, the milling cutter must feed slowly to the workpiece, must not have impact phenomenon, so as not to affect the accuracy of the machine or damage the edge of the tool.
( 5 ) The workpiece should be leveled and clamped firmly so as to avoid accidents during the work process.
( 6 ) After adjusting the speed and direction as well as correcting the workpiece and tools, they must be stopped.
( 7 ) Do not wear gloves when working.
( 8 ) At any time with the brush to clear the chip on the bed, remove the chip on the cutter is to stop.
( 9 ) After the milling cutter is blunt, it should stop sharpening or change tool. Retract the knife before parking, and do not stop when the tool has not completely left the workpiece.
(five) drilling process danger and protection
1 . Drilling danger
( 1 ) When machining workpieces on a drill press, the main dangers are the rotating spindle, drill, drill chuck, and long spiral-shaped chips that rotate with the drill.
( 2 ) Rotary drills, drill chucks, and swarf tend to wrap the operator's clothes, gloves, and hair.
( 3 ) The workpiece is not clamped or clamped at all, but is held by hand for drilling. Under the action of the cutting force, the workpiece is loosened.
( 4 ) Hand-clearing chips during cutting and braking the drill and spindle by hand to cause injury.
( 5 ) The use of improperly dressed drills, excessive cutting, etc., makes it easy to break the drill and cause injury.
( 6 ) When removing the drill bit, use too much force and the bit will fall and bruise your foot.
( 7 ) Insufficient lighting or glare and failure of the brake device are the causes of injury accidents.
2 . Safety precautions
( 1 ) Set a round retractable protective net around the rotating spindle and drill bit. The wedge iron with handle can prevent the drill bit from hurting when the drill is unloaded.
( 2 ) Each moving part shall be provided with a reliable locking device, an intermediate working table of a bench drill, a rotary table of a vertical drill, a rocker arm of a rock drill, and a headstock, etc., which shall be locked before drilling.
( 3 ) Workpieces that need to be fastened to ensure machining quality and safety must be firmly tightened on the workbench. Especially for light work pieces, they need to be tightened more firmly. Loose motions are found during cutting and it is forbidden to fasten by hand or during operation. Before installing the drill and other tools, check whether the cutting edge is in good condition, whether there is any flaw or scratch on the surface of the drill sleeve, and whether the cutting tool adheres to chips. The replacement tool should be stopped after it is shut down.
( 4 ) Gloves are not allowed at work.
( 5 ) Do not place parts, tools, and accessories on the bench or running parts to prevent them from falling.
( 6 ) When using a radial drilling machine, no one is allowed to stand in the swing range of the cross arm, and no obstacles shall be stacked. The cross arm must be fastened before drilling.
( 7 ) When drilling a thin iron plate, place a flat plank below. Smaller plates must be firmly clamped, and they must be slowly moved through.
( 8 ) When drilling, drill bits should be lifted frequently to prevent the drill bit from being chipped and broken.
( 9 ) At the end of the work, the cross arm should be lowered to the lowest position, and the headstock should be close to the column retractable protective net.
(f) Planing process hazards and protection
1 . Planing process danger
The linear reciprocating movement of the parts occurs, or the operator presses the fixed object, and the workpiece moves or even slides out. The splashing chips are the main unsafe factors.
2 . Safety precautions
( 1 ) For high-speed planers, limit switches, hydraulic buffers, or tool cutting buffers should be installed to prevent the table from flying. The workpieces, tools and fixtures should be firmly clamped to prevent the workpieces from moving around during cutting, even slipping out and the cutters being damaged or broken, causing equipment and personal injury accidents.
( 2 ) The position of the worktable and beam should be adjusted to prevent the work piece from colliding with the ram or the beam after driving.
( 3 ) During the operation of the machine, do not load and unload the workpiece, adjust the tool, measure and inspect the workpiece to prevent the tool and the ram from colliding.
( 4 ) After the machine tool is started, it cannot stand on the workbench to prevent the machine tool from malfunctioning and cause injury.
(vii) Grinding hazards and protection
1 . Grinding danger
The crushing of the rotating grinding wheel and the magnetic sucker accident are major unsafe factors.
2 . Safety precautions
( 1 ) Before driving, check whether the device of the workpiece is correct, whether the fastening is reliable, and whether the magnetic chuck is normal. Otherwise, driving is not allowed.
( 2 ) Apply a manual adjustment to leave a proper clearance between the grinding wheel and the workpiece when driving, and start to feed a small amount to prevent the grinding wheel from cracking.
( 3 ) The measurement of the workpiece or the adjustment of the machine tool and the cleaning work should be performed after stopping.
( 4 ) In order to prevent debris from being damaged when the grinding wheel is broken, the grinder must be equipped with a protective cover, and it is prohibited to use a grinding wheel without a protective cover for grinding.
(8) Welding welding danger and protection
1 . Welding danger
Electric injury, burns, dazzling of electric arcs, occupational diseases such as welder pneumoconiosis, manganese poisoning, and metallic fever.
2 . Safety precautions
( 1 ) Before working, it is necessary to check whether the welder power line, lead-out line and each connection point are good. If the line crosses the carriageway, it should be overhead or add a protective cover; the secondary wire and shell of the welding machine must be well grounded; Insulation must be good. Welding circuit line joints should not exceed three.
( 2 ) The welding workshop shall be ventilated, and the dust removal equipment shall be installed at the fixed welding place to prevent the welder from pneumoconiosis, manganese poisoning and metal fever.
( 3 ) Welders should wear insulated shoes during operation, and the welding machine must be connected to zero line protection to prevent electric shock. We must wear electric welding gloves, wear long-fitting clothes and use electric welding masks to prevent infrared rays, strong visible light and ultraviolet radiation, prevent skin burns, and cause electric eyes to glare and cause vision loss.
( 4 ) Nitrogen oxides are generated during the welding of copper alloys, aluminum alloy (non-ferrous metals), and spray welding and cutting. They must be carried out in an unobstructed environment. Wear a gas mask when necessary .
( 5 ) In case of improper protection of the welding operator, the above-mentioned injuries should be promptly taken to the hospital for treatment.
( 6 ) For those who have been engaged in welding operations for a long time, they must establish occupational health records and perform regular physical examinations. If medical examinations cause illness due to work-related injuries, they must be transferred from the original type of work to prevent aggravation of injuries.
( 7 ) Welders should master general electrical knowledge and comply with the welder's general safety regulations. They should also be familiar with fire fighting techniques, emergency electric shocks, and artificial respiration methods.
( 8 ) After the welding machine is started, the welder's hands and body should not touch the secondary circuit conductors, such as the live parts of the welding clamp or welding gun, the worktable, and the welded workpiece.
( 9 ) Gloves should be worn when changing rods, and do not lean on iron plates or other conductive objects. Wear eye protection when knocking on slag.
The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.
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