Dust refers to solid particles that can be suspended in the air. Dust generated in industrial production is called industrial dust. If industrial dust is not controlled, it will damage the working environment, endanger the health of workers and damage machinery and equipment, and pollute the atmosphere.
In China, there are many industries and types of work that can generate dust, such as mining and quarrying of metal and non-metallic minerals, road construction, tunneling and geological exploration in infrastructure, glass manufacturing, fire-resistant and building materials processing. . The crushing, milling, packaging, transportation and other aspects of the foundry industry.
The degree of dust damage to the human body depends on the amount of dust inhaled by the human body, the way of dust intrusion, the location of dust and the physical and chemical properties of the dust. Among the many dusts, asbestos dust and dust containing free silica are the most serious hazards to humans. Asbestos dust not only causes asbestosis, but also has carcinogenicity; dust containing free silica can cause silicosis, and dust containing more than 70% of free silica is more harmful to the human body. The particle size of the dust is different, and the harm to the human body is also different. The dust of 2 micrometers to 10 micrometers is the most harmful to the human body. In addition, charged dust, dust with low solubility, dust with high hardness, and irregularly shaped dust are harmful to the human body.
The ways in which dust invades the human body mainly include the respiratory system, eyes, skin, etc., with the respiratory system as the main route. The hazards of dust on various human systems are as follows: after dust invades the respiratory system, it may cause pneumoconiosis, lung dustiness, lung lesions caused by organic dust, respiratory tumors and local irritation; if dust invades the eyes, Can cause conjunctivitis, corneal opacity, eyelid edema and acute keratitis and other symptoms; dust invading the skin, can block sebaceous glands, sweat glands, causing dry skin, susceptible to infection, causing folliculitis, acne, dermatitis.
According to the type, concentration and dust-collecting time of dust, the national standard “Classification of Hazard Degree of Production Dust Operation†(GB5817-86) stipulates that the degree of hazard of exposure to productive dust is divided into five levels: 0 (in accordance with sanitary conditions). Class I (mild hazard), class II (moderate hazard), class III (high hazard), class IV (extreme hazard). In accordance with relevant state regulations, enterprises and institutions should classify Class III and Class IV dust hazards as dust control priorities. Health departments at all levels should classify Class III and Class IV dust hazards as the focus of occupational health monitoring. After grading inspection, enterprises with dust hazard level IV must be eliminated within one year, otherwise the health department has the right to order it to stop production; new, expanded, rebuilt and technically transformed projects must be graded for dust hazard during trial production. Anyone with Class III or Class IV dust hazards shall not be formally put into production; those with Class II hazards shall not be promoted to the State Level 2 or above enterprises.
At present, dust damage to humans, especially pneumoconiosis, has no specific treatment, so it is very important to prevent dust hazards and strengthen labor protection management for dust operations. The labor protection management of dust operations should adopt three levels of protection principles:
The main measures for primary prevention include: comprehensive dust prevention, that is, reform of production technology, production equipment, manual operation into mechanization, automation and sealing, remote control operation; use materials with no or low free silica as much as possible Replace materials with high free silica; use wet methods as much as possible under the conditions required by the process; use personal dustproofing products for personal protection.
Regular inspection Regularly check the dust concentration in the working environment so that the dust concentration in the working environment is within the allowable range specified by national standards.
Health check-ups According to the relevant regulations of the state, workers are required to undergo a health check before employment, and they may not be allowed to engage in taboo work for occupational contraindications, minors, and female employees.
Publicity and education Popularize the basic knowledge of dust prevention.
Strengthening maintenance The dust removal system must be strengthened and maintained so that the dust removal system is in good condition and in an effective state.
The second-level prevention measures include the establishment of a dust-proof mechanism for special personnel, the establishment of dust-proof planning and various rules and regulations; for new employees engaged in dust operations, health checks must be carried out; for employees engaged in dust operations, regular health must be carried out. Inspections and found that workers who are not suitable for dust-collecting work should be removed in time.
The third main prevention measures are: For those workers who have been diagnosed with pneumoconiosis, they should be transferred from the original job position in time to arrange reasonable treatment or recuperation. The social insurance benefits of patients should be handled in accordance with relevant state regulations.
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